DID YOU KNOW?

Red blood cell has NO nucleus. 
White blood cell has a nucleus.

How blood flows throughout the heart:

• White Blood Cells fight harmful bacteria, viruses and fungi and help to remove them from the body.
• Red Blood Cells transport oxygen from the lungs to the other parts of the body and carry carbon dioxide back to the lungs.
• Platelets help in the clotting process by gathering at a bleeding site and clumping together to form a plug that helps seal the blood vessel. At the same time, they release substances that help promote further clotting.
• Plasma is the liquid component of blood that suspends the components. It contains the protein albumin that keeps liquid from leaking out of blood vessels and into tissues. Plasma also prevents blood vessels from collapsing and clogging and helps maintain blood pressure and circulation throughout the body simply by filling blood vessels and flowing through them continuously. Plasma circulation also plays a role in regulating body temperature by carrying heat generated in core body tissues through areas that lose heat more readily, such as the arms, legs, and head.

TRANSPORT IN HUMANS

1. Understand the importance of a transport system in multi-cellular organisms.
2. Know why the transport system in an amoeba is so different from a human, and why humans cannot adopt a similar system as the amoeba.
3. Explain why the transport system in mammals is also known as the circulatory system.
4. Understand that any system is connected to other systems, both internally and externally, and the output from one part of a system (which can include material, energy, or information) can become the input to others. Such feedback can serve to control what goes on in the system as a whole.
5. Know that blood is pumped around the circulatory system by the action of the heart.
6. Know that the heart is a muscular organ which requires its own supply of oxygen and nutrients (via the coronary arteries).
7. Label and identify the principle structures of a mammalian heart, including the valves within it and the inter-connecting blood vessels & associated valves.
8. Trace the path of blood through the circulatory system, in particular the pathway of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood through the heart.
9. Know the structure and function of arteries, veins and capillaries.
10. Compare and contrast the structure of arteries and veins, and state how they are adapted for its function.

DIETARY DISEASES:

Anorexia: An eating disorder caused by excessive dieting

• Teeth would start to fall out from lack of calcium, as would their hair, because they are not consuming enough protein. People suffering from anorexia would have a disrupted menstrual cycle, constipation, muscle weakness, dry yellow skin, anaemia and poor blood circulation leading to feeling constantly cold.

Kwashiorkor: A condition when there is a lack of protein and the body breaks down the present protein in itself.

• Edema (an abnormal accumulation of fluid beneath the skin or in one or more cavities of the body that produces swelling) of legs and feet, light-colored, thinning hair, anemia (lack of iron), a pot-belly, and shiny skin.

Scurvy: A condition of lack of Vitamin C (present in vegetables and fruits)

• Easily-bruised skin and bleeding
• Pale skin
• Loss of teeth
• Sunken eyes

Beriberi: A condition of lack of Vitamin B1  that is an water-soluble vitamin that helps to convert carbohydrates into glucose. Vitamin B1 is used to form ATP which all cells need for energy in the body. 

• Leads to wasting, numbness and tingling or pain of the extremities, trouble walking, confusion, nystagmus (fast, involuntary eye movement that may cause reduced or limited vision) and sometimes vomiting

Rickets: Disease caused by lack of calcium taken with Vitamin D.

• Skeletal deformity, bone pain or tenderness, etc. 

Anaemia: Lack of iron.

• Less haemoglobin (substance making up red blood cells), which will result in the lack of red blood cells, and therefore we would not get enough oxygen.

Functions of other parts of digestive system

Liver: Produces a bitter substance called bile that emulsifies fats. Also protects the gall bladder.

Gall Bladder: Stores the bile and secretes it into the duodenum when needed.

Pancreas: Secretes pancreatic juice containing digestive enzymes that pass to the small intestine. These enzymes help in the further breakdown of the carbohydrates, proteins and fats in the chyme.